Science, Science investigation 2 and physical properties
In science I do 2 projects. The first one is physical properties. At that project I should make a poster about physical properties. We can choose which physical properties would we want. And I choose to do research about heat conductivity physical property. So I do the research, and follow the guide of criteria A & B. The second is an experiment of a paper towels. After we have done doing the experiment we made a lab report from the result of the paper towels experiment.
Physical Properties, Heat Conductivity
This is my information of heat conductivity:
Application:
Heat conductivity is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat.
Heat transfer:
The transfer of heat is normally from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. Heat transfer changes the internal energy of both systems.
Parts/Modes of heat transfer:
- 1st mode Conduction: Conduction is the transfer of heat between two objects that contact each other.
- 2nd mode Convection: Convection is the transfer of heat throughout a single substance due to a temperature difference between one part of the object and another.
- 3rd mode Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat from one object to another through empty space
- Vaporization
PS: Vaporization was no parts of heat transfer. So, there is only three parts of heat transfer.
Conduction, which is heat transfer through a material or through contact. Convection, describes heat transfers due to fluid currents, usually air, around a material. Radiation, radiant heat transfer results from energy that is emitted from an object.
Ex.Conduction: Place a pot on the stove to boil water, are using conduction. The heat from the burner adds energy to the bottom surface of the pot and heat is conducted through the bottom of the pot and into the water
Convection: There are 2 types of convection, Forced Convection and Free Convection. But I will only tell you Forced Convection. Anyone who has burned their figure and then blown on it to calm the burn, are using forced convection. Property of the fluid being circulated is used to calculate the heat transfer for forced convection.
Radiation: Every object emits a certain amount of heat energy. When an object emits a smaller amount of energy than another, heat is transferred into the object with the lower heat energy. Some objects either reflect or absorb heat energy and this effect must be accounted for to calculate the total amount of energy an object emits.
What is the global context of heat conductivity?
The global context is that heat conductivity can be used for work such as making buildings, manufacturer and service provider of industrial radiators, oil coolers, gas coolers, air charge coolers, etc.
Effectiveness: How can heat conductivity improve?
The improve of heat conductivity is the Characteristic of Conductivity.
Characteristic of Conductivity:
Conductivity is a measure of an important property of different materials: their ability to conduct heat or electricity. Some materials conduct heat or electricity well and are called conductors; other materials that conduct heat or electricity poorly are called insulators. Both conductors and insulators have a lot of applications throughout our modern world, from the Styrofoam in your coffee cup to the wires that transmit power to your computer.
Types:
Thermal conductivity is the ability to conduct heat, while electrical conductivity is the ability to conduct electricity. The two are not necessarily related. Metals are good conductors of both heat and electricity, and nonmetals are typically poor conductors of both, but among nonmetals there are exceptions to the rule. Diamond, for example, conducts heat quite well but is an electrical insulator.
Electrical Conductivity:
I explain about electrical conductivity, because it have a relationship with heat conductivity. See this, the information that I got. Each material has a unique electrical conductivity for a given temperature; conductivity changes with temperature, however, so it doesn't remain constant unless the temperature does. For metals, electrical conductivity decreases as the temperature of the material rises, because temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the material.
Benefits:
Conductors and insulators are invaluable for an almost endless list of uses. Electrical conductors are almost everywhere today in the form of electronic devices; without them, much of our modern technology wouldn't be possible. Thermal insulators like goose down help keep us warm in winter
Benefits of Thermal Conductivity: Conduction Benefits: Conduction results from the collisions between the particles in a material. The difference in the temperature initiates the physical contact between the particles, creating kinetic energy and momentum. When a particle collision happens, it transfers heat energy through the material. Wherever a temperature gradient exists, a net flow of heat will result.
Convection Benefits: In convection, the rate of heat flow depends upon the temperature of moving gas or liquid from one place to another, containing its heat during transferring.
Radiation Benefits: Electromagnetic waves are transmitted as a light form emanating from a heat source. Glass and transparent materials allow radiant heat to pass through in a enough amounts.
With all of this benefit, heat conductivity make benefit by making a cooler.
Factors: Political: Green Energy Methods
Green energy methods describe how individuals can apply green energy in their homes.
So green energy methods include the entire spectrum of opportunities that are available to use green energy in those applications. For example, in a residential circumstance, green energy is currently available in the form of solar panels that can installed on a home to create electricity to reduce the demand of electricity that is purchased by a homeowner from a local utility. This could also include technology that uses the sun to heat fluids in pipes that then go into a water heater which in turn that heat transfer allows for the water inside the water heater to be heated through solar energy or solar technology instead of using natural gas or electricity to heat the water for a home which can enormously reduce the cost of heating hot water for a home.
Economic: How do Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors Work?
Evacuated tube solar collectors absorb the sun's radiant energy and transfer it into recirculating liquid-based heat storage systems that provide heat and hot water in homes. Their unique operating principles allow them to convert nearly all the radiant energy that enters them into usable heat
Heat Transference
The direct flow method circulates water through small copper tubes within the core of each the many evacuated glass tubes in the collector. There it collects the heat from the absorber and carries it directly to the re-circulation pipeline and into the house. The heat pipe method uses an evaporation/condensation process inside a sealed pipe to conduct the heat to the water in the manifold where it is transferred to the recirculation pipeline into the house. Both systems have advantages, but either can be effective if properly installed and maintained.
Economic Consideration:
Evacuated tube solar collectors have evolved as energy costs have skyrocketed and manufacturing methods for the collectors have been optimized. The lower costs now justify the added expenditure when the benefits are amortized, especially when there may be incentives either as energy cost discounts or tax rebates.
Application:
Heat conductivity is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat.
Heat transfer:
The transfer of heat is normally from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. Heat transfer changes the internal energy of both systems.
Parts/Modes of heat transfer:
- 1st mode Conduction: Conduction is the transfer of heat between two objects that contact each other.
- 2nd mode Convection: Convection is the transfer of heat throughout a single substance due to a temperature difference between one part of the object and another.
- 3rd mode Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat from one object to another through empty space
- Vaporization
PS: Vaporization was no parts of heat transfer. So, there is only three parts of heat transfer.
Conduction, which is heat transfer through a material or through contact. Convection, describes heat transfers due to fluid currents, usually air, around a material. Radiation, radiant heat transfer results from energy that is emitted from an object.
Ex.Conduction: Place a pot on the stove to boil water, are using conduction. The heat from the burner adds energy to the bottom surface of the pot and heat is conducted through the bottom of the pot and into the water
Convection: There are 2 types of convection, Forced Convection and Free Convection. But I will only tell you Forced Convection. Anyone who has burned their figure and then blown on it to calm the burn, are using forced convection. Property of the fluid being circulated is used to calculate the heat transfer for forced convection.
Radiation: Every object emits a certain amount of heat energy. When an object emits a smaller amount of energy than another, heat is transferred into the object with the lower heat energy. Some objects either reflect or absorb heat energy and this effect must be accounted for to calculate the total amount of energy an object emits.
What is the global context of heat conductivity?
The global context is that heat conductivity can be used for work such as making buildings, manufacturer and service provider of industrial radiators, oil coolers, gas coolers, air charge coolers, etc.
Effectiveness: How can heat conductivity improve?
The improve of heat conductivity is the Characteristic of Conductivity.
Characteristic of Conductivity:
Conductivity is a measure of an important property of different materials: their ability to conduct heat or electricity. Some materials conduct heat or electricity well and are called conductors; other materials that conduct heat or electricity poorly are called insulators. Both conductors and insulators have a lot of applications throughout our modern world, from the Styrofoam in your coffee cup to the wires that transmit power to your computer.
Types:
Thermal conductivity is the ability to conduct heat, while electrical conductivity is the ability to conduct electricity. The two are not necessarily related. Metals are good conductors of both heat and electricity, and nonmetals are typically poor conductors of both, but among nonmetals there are exceptions to the rule. Diamond, for example, conducts heat quite well but is an electrical insulator.
Electrical Conductivity:
I explain about electrical conductivity, because it have a relationship with heat conductivity. See this, the information that I got. Each material has a unique electrical conductivity for a given temperature; conductivity changes with temperature, however, so it doesn't remain constant unless the temperature does. For metals, electrical conductivity decreases as the temperature of the material rises, because temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the material.
Benefits:
Conductors and insulators are invaluable for an almost endless list of uses. Electrical conductors are almost everywhere today in the form of electronic devices; without them, much of our modern technology wouldn't be possible. Thermal insulators like goose down help keep us warm in winter
Benefits of Thermal Conductivity: Conduction Benefits: Conduction results from the collisions between the particles in a material. The difference in the temperature initiates the physical contact between the particles, creating kinetic energy and momentum. When a particle collision happens, it transfers heat energy through the material. Wherever a temperature gradient exists, a net flow of heat will result.
Convection Benefits: In convection, the rate of heat flow depends upon the temperature of moving gas or liquid from one place to another, containing its heat during transferring.
Radiation Benefits: Electromagnetic waves are transmitted as a light form emanating from a heat source. Glass and transparent materials allow radiant heat to pass through in a enough amounts.
With all of this benefit, heat conductivity make benefit by making a cooler.
Factors: Political: Green Energy Methods
Green energy methods describe how individuals can apply green energy in their homes.
So green energy methods include the entire spectrum of opportunities that are available to use green energy in those applications. For example, in a residential circumstance, green energy is currently available in the form of solar panels that can installed on a home to create electricity to reduce the demand of electricity that is purchased by a homeowner from a local utility. This could also include technology that uses the sun to heat fluids in pipes that then go into a water heater which in turn that heat transfer allows for the water inside the water heater to be heated through solar energy or solar technology instead of using natural gas or electricity to heat the water for a home which can enormously reduce the cost of heating hot water for a home.
Economic: How do Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors Work?
Evacuated tube solar collectors absorb the sun's radiant energy and transfer it into recirculating liquid-based heat storage systems that provide heat and hot water in homes. Their unique operating principles allow them to convert nearly all the radiant energy that enters them into usable heat
Heat Transference
The direct flow method circulates water through small copper tubes within the core of each the many evacuated glass tubes in the collector. There it collects the heat from the absorber and carries it directly to the re-circulation pipeline and into the house. The heat pipe method uses an evaporation/condensation process inside a sealed pipe to conduct the heat to the water in the manifold where it is transferred to the recirculation pipeline into the house. Both systems have advantages, but either can be effective if properly installed and maintained.
Economic Consideration:
Evacuated tube solar collectors have evolved as energy costs have skyrocketed and manufacturing methods for the collectors have been optimized. The lower costs now justify the added expenditure when the benefits are amortized, especially when there may be incentives either as energy cost discounts or tax rebates.
Science Investigation 2
My lab report (paper towels):
Lab report: Paper towels By: Geral/7.2 Subject: Science
Objective: Which kind of paper towel absorbs the most water?
Hypothesis: We have 3 different brands of paper towels. The 3 brands of paper towel is “Care Four” paper towel, “Nice” paper towel, “Nice” paper towel. I predict the “Care Four” paper towel will absorb the most water. Because the skin of the paper towels is hard. If the of the paper towel is hard, it could absorbs more water and more hard to be broken. I predict paper towel “Multi” will absorb the least water. Because it has the softest skin of paper towels.
Variables:
- Independent: absorbs à The most water that been absorb by paper towel
- Dependent: water à The amount of water in the beaker (ml)
- Control: Paper towel
Material list:
1. 3 beaker
2. 1 cylinder beaker
3. Watch
4. 300 ml water for first test
5. 450 ml water for second test
6. 600 ml water for third test
7. 3 plates
Method:
1st test
- 1st Fill all three beakers 100ml of water
- 2nd Put in paper towels, brand ‘Care Four’ in the beaker 100ml of water. 4 pieces of paper towels for each brand.
- 3rd The paper towels can only absorbs the water for 10 seconds. So we must to count for 10 seconds when it’s absorbing.
- 4th squeeze the paper towel that has absorbs the water from the beaker to the bowl.
- 5th pour the water from the bowl to cylinder
- 6th measure the water in the cylinder.
- Repeat these steps for other brands. ‘Nice’ and ‘Multi’
2nd test
- 1st Fill all three beakers 150ml of water
- 2nd Put in paper towels, brand ‘Care Four’ in the beaker 150ml of water. 4 pieces of paper towels for each brand.
- 3rd The paper towels can only absorbs the water for 20 seconds. So we must to count for 20 seconds when it’s absorbing.
- 4th squeeze the paper towel that has absorbs the water from the beaker to the bowl.
- 5th pour the water from the bowl to cylinder
- 6th measure the water in the cylinder.
- Repeat these steps for other brands. ‘Nice’ and ‘Multi’
3rd test
- 1st Fill all three beakers 200ml of water
- 2nd Put in paper towels, brand ‘Care Four’ in the beaker 200ml of water. 4 pieces of paper towels for each brand.
- 3rd The paper towels can only absorbs the water for 30 seconds. So we must to count for 30 seconds when it’s absorbing.
- 4th squeeze the paper towel that has absorbs the water from the beaker to the bowl.
- 5th pour the water from the bowl to cylinder
- 6th measure the water in the cylinder.
- Repeat these steps for other brands. ‘Nice’ and ‘Multi’
Record of the Data:
- Conclusion:
1st test (100 ml of water and 10 seconds to absorb water):
Care four: absorbs 50 ml of water
Multi: absorbs 32 ml of water
Nice: absorbs 46 ml of water
In the first test paper towel “Care Four” absorbs the most water. 2nd test (150 ml of water and 20 seconds to absorb water):
Care four: absorbs 62 ml of water
Multi: absorbs 48 ml of water
Nice: absorbs 58 ml of water
In the second test paper towel “Care Four” absorbs the most water. 3rd test (200 ml of water and 30 seconds to absorb water):
Care Four: absorbs 80 ml of water
Nice: absorbs 60 ml of water
Multi: absorbs 96 ml of water
In the third test paper towel “Multi” absorbs the most water. This is the picture bar graph of the conclusion: What are the most paper towels absorb the most water?
Care Four has absorbs 50 ml of water, 62 ml of water, and 80 ml of water
(Care four: 50 ml + 62 ml + 80 ml = 192 ml of water)
Multi has absorbs 32 ml of water, 48 ml of water, and 96 ml of water
(Multi: 32 ml + 48 ml + 96 ml = 176 ml of water)
Nice has absorbs 46 ml of water, 58 ml of water, and 60 ml of water
(Nice: 46 ml + 58 ml + 60 ml = 164 ml of water)
Care four absorbs the most water. The total water from 1st to 3rd test Care Four has absorbs the most water, 192 ml of water.
My prediction was correct. Care Four absorbs the most water.
Multi is the 2nd that absorbs the most water. The total water from 1st to 3rd test Multi has absorbs, 176 ml of water.
Nice absorbs the least water. The total water from 1st to 3rd test Nice has absorbs the least water, 164 ml of water.
My prediction was wrong. I thought Multi will absorb the least water. But Nice who absorb the least water
Extension:
How does independent variable affect dependent variable?
Independent: Water -> Alcohol, ketchup, water color (paint), others liquid things
Dependent: Amount of water (ml) -> Liter, centiliter, others measuring using “liter”
Lab report: Paper towels By: Geral/7.2 Subject: Science
Objective: Which kind of paper towel absorbs the most water?
Hypothesis: We have 3 different brands of paper towels. The 3 brands of paper towel is “Care Four” paper towel, “Nice” paper towel, “Nice” paper towel. I predict the “Care Four” paper towel will absorb the most water. Because the skin of the paper towels is hard. If the of the paper towel is hard, it could absorbs more water and more hard to be broken. I predict paper towel “Multi” will absorb the least water. Because it has the softest skin of paper towels.
Variables:
- Independent: absorbs à The most water that been absorb by paper towel
- Dependent: water à The amount of water in the beaker (ml)
- Control: Paper towel
Material list:
1. 3 beaker
2. 1 cylinder beaker
3. Watch
4. 300 ml water for first test
5. 450 ml water for second test
6. 600 ml water for third test
7. 3 plates
Method:
1st test
- 1st Fill all three beakers 100ml of water
- 2nd Put in paper towels, brand ‘Care Four’ in the beaker 100ml of water. 4 pieces of paper towels for each brand.
- 3rd The paper towels can only absorbs the water for 10 seconds. So we must to count for 10 seconds when it’s absorbing.
- 4th squeeze the paper towel that has absorbs the water from the beaker to the bowl.
- 5th pour the water from the bowl to cylinder
- 6th measure the water in the cylinder.
- Repeat these steps for other brands. ‘Nice’ and ‘Multi’
2nd test
- 1st Fill all three beakers 150ml of water
- 2nd Put in paper towels, brand ‘Care Four’ in the beaker 150ml of water. 4 pieces of paper towels for each brand.
- 3rd The paper towels can only absorbs the water for 20 seconds. So we must to count for 20 seconds when it’s absorbing.
- 4th squeeze the paper towel that has absorbs the water from the beaker to the bowl.
- 5th pour the water from the bowl to cylinder
- 6th measure the water in the cylinder.
- Repeat these steps for other brands. ‘Nice’ and ‘Multi’
3rd test
- 1st Fill all three beakers 200ml of water
- 2nd Put in paper towels, brand ‘Care Four’ in the beaker 200ml of water. 4 pieces of paper towels for each brand.
- 3rd The paper towels can only absorbs the water for 30 seconds. So we must to count for 30 seconds when it’s absorbing.
- 4th squeeze the paper towel that has absorbs the water from the beaker to the bowl.
- 5th pour the water from the bowl to cylinder
- 6th measure the water in the cylinder.
- Repeat these steps for other brands. ‘Nice’ and ‘Multi’
Record of the Data:
- Conclusion:
1st test (100 ml of water and 10 seconds to absorb water):
Care four: absorbs 50 ml of water
Multi: absorbs 32 ml of water
Nice: absorbs 46 ml of water
In the first test paper towel “Care Four” absorbs the most water. 2nd test (150 ml of water and 20 seconds to absorb water):
Care four: absorbs 62 ml of water
Multi: absorbs 48 ml of water
Nice: absorbs 58 ml of water
In the second test paper towel “Care Four” absorbs the most water. 3rd test (200 ml of water and 30 seconds to absorb water):
Care Four: absorbs 80 ml of water
Nice: absorbs 60 ml of water
Multi: absorbs 96 ml of water
In the third test paper towel “Multi” absorbs the most water. This is the picture bar graph of the conclusion: What are the most paper towels absorb the most water?
Care Four has absorbs 50 ml of water, 62 ml of water, and 80 ml of water
(Care four: 50 ml + 62 ml + 80 ml = 192 ml of water)
Multi has absorbs 32 ml of water, 48 ml of water, and 96 ml of water
(Multi: 32 ml + 48 ml + 96 ml = 176 ml of water)
Nice has absorbs 46 ml of water, 58 ml of water, and 60 ml of water
(Nice: 46 ml + 58 ml + 60 ml = 164 ml of water)
Care four absorbs the most water. The total water from 1st to 3rd test Care Four has absorbs the most water, 192 ml of water.
My prediction was correct. Care Four absorbs the most water.
Multi is the 2nd that absorbs the most water. The total water from 1st to 3rd test Multi has absorbs, 176 ml of water.
Nice absorbs the least water. The total water from 1st to 3rd test Nice has absorbs the least water, 164 ml of water.
My prediction was wrong. I thought Multi will absorb the least water. But Nice who absorb the least water
Extension:
How does independent variable affect dependent variable?
Independent: Water -> Alcohol, ketchup, water color (paint), others liquid things
Dependent: Amount of water (ml) -> Liter, centiliter, others measuring using “liter”
Reflection
For the project of physical properties, I think I did well on researching. I got a lot of information about heat conductivity. I was really satisfy with my score physical properties. I'm proud. For the science investigation 2, the first time I was feeling confident that I would got a good score. But I didn't. It's maybe because I didn't follow the steps of the lab report. Now I should follow the steps of making a perfect lab report to improve.